Recognition set At Homecoming POCATELLO - The winners Of the three awards given traditionally at Homecoming by the Idaho State University Alumni Association will be honored Oct. 16. Distinguished Alumnus: Peter C Kole, William J. Bartz Service Award: Donald L. "Pappy" Papenberg, ISU Janet C. Anderson, Pocatello. The presentations are a highlight of the President's Alumni Recognition Dinner. It is scheduled Oct. 15 at 7:30 p.m. at Cavanaughs Hotel. For tickets, call 208---6-3755 before Oct. 5. The cost is $23. Distinguished Alumnus spearheads creation of library in Albania By Glenn Alford POCATELLO- A plaque in the Hall of Fame at West Technical High School in Cleveland, Ohio, Reads, "Peter C. Kole, Class of January, 1955 Industrialist- CEO_ Humanitarian." For all those reasons, Kole is the 1998 winner of the Idaho State University Distinguished Alumnus Award. The Distinguished Alumnus Award is ISU's highest award. It recognizes exemplary professional and/or personal contributions resulting in national or international visibility, including contributions to chosen career/profession, awards and special recognition received, and community and civic involvement. A '63 graduate of Idaho State University with a BBA degree in business and finance, Kole is president and owner of one of the largest manufacturing firms in Cleveland, but that is only part of the reason he is being honored. In large part through his efforts as chair of book collections for the New England Albanian Relief Organization (NEARO), his hometown of Pogradec (pronounced Pogradetz), Albania, has a library with more than 300,00 volumes. Pogradec has a population of only 30,000 but people from throughout Albania travel there to study and check out books in what has been described as the only American open-stack library in Europe. NEARO is the only U. S. humanitarian organization to establish a library and learning center in a former communist country. The library was dedicated on June 17, 1995. Kole was one of the speakers at the dedication. Kole also has had books shipped to Albania's elementary and high schools and universities, and he has collected hospital and dental equipment for Albania. Before 1985, owning books or magazines in a foreign language could be a capital crime under Albania's totalitarian government. The Cleveland, Ohio, Public Library tore down an annex to make space for a new building, and all of its books could not be stored. Kole got the 100,000 discards, plus 100,000 from Cleveland's Cuyahoga County Public Library. In addition, 50,000 books were collected in Worcester, Mass., and 50,000 came from other sources. Rand McNally contributed 7,000 atlases. His company, Paramount Metal Products (PMP), employs 300 and has five divisions: Paramount Seating, Paramount Stamping and Welding, Anchor Special Machines, Anchor Paramount Seating, Paramount Stamping and Welding, Anchor Special Machines, Anchor Template/Dye, and Vanco Products. PMP won Cleveland's 1992 Community Improvement Award for it efforts "to enhance local neighborhoods through reinvestment, job creation, and other improvements to the community." Kola elected to attend ISU through a freak circumstance. Most of his high school friends attended large colleges in Ohio, but he looked through a number of college catalogues and thought ISU looked "interesting". "Peter C. Kole is an outstanding example of a businessman our students can emulate and admire for both his business success and community involvement," Bill Stratton, dean of ISU's College of Business, said. " In addition to his library project in his home country of Albania, Peter is talking to experts in Idaho about the potential for raising trout there as a means of helping his many relatives attain a better livelihood. The College of Business is very proud to claim Peter as one of our graduates. He is most worthy of being name Distinguished Alumnus." Although Kole's home is far from Pocatello, he continues to be a friend of ISU and serve it well. He has endowed three scholarships at ISU with gifts totaling $150,000. In 1994, Kole endowed the Frank Seelye-Peter C. Kole Scholarship with a gift of $50,000. The scholarship honors the memory of Frank Seelye, longtime ISU business professor and dean of the College of Business from 1964 to 1968. It is awarded to a non- traditional student in the College of Business with preference given to children of single parents. The Klime and Athina Kole Memorial Scholarship was created to honor his parents with a gift of $50,000, and it is awarded with the same criteria as the Seelye-Kole Scholarship The Peter Kole Scholarship, also created with a gift of $50,000, is awarded to a student in the College of Business. Glenn Alford is with ISU University Relations.

Under the iron-fisted rule of the late dictator Enver Hoxha, an Albanian caught with a foreign book or magazine was arrested and sent to prison or executed. One can only imagine what the dictator would think if he were alive today to see a 300,000-book English-language library in his country, in the city of Pogradec, with more libraries planned. Much of the credit for the library, reported to be one of the largest public English-language book repositories in Eastern and Central Europe, goes to Peter C. Kole, a Cleveland industrialist of Albanian birth. Kole, 57, said his parents brought him to the United States when he was 1 year old. He spent his life becoming an American, until he went to Albania in 1990 and saw the terrible poverty and suffering there. "Then I knew I had to get involved in helping Albanians as an Albanian-American," he said. Kole has spent much of his free time in the last 4 ½ years helping to accumulate the books for shipment to Albania, one of the poorest and most oppressed countries in Europe. The books were stored in one of his warehouses in Cleveland until it was time for shipment. The U.S. Defense Department paid most of the shipping cost, but some private money also was raised. Kole also collected hospital and dental equipment to send to his former country. He said he really got lucky when the Cleveland Public Library was tearing down the Business and Science Annex at E. 6th St. and Superior Ave. to make way for a new building. He said library officials could not store all the books and gave him the discards. "We got 100,000 books from the Cleveland Public library, 100,000 from the Cuyahoga County Public Library and 50,000 books collected in Worcester, Mass.," Kole said. An additional 50,000 were collected from other sources. Some books in both Cleveland and Worcester were bought, but most were donated to the non-profit New England Albanian Relief Organization, of which Kole is a director and chairman of the book collection. To make sure the Pogradec library is properly established, the New England Albanian Relief organization hired Mary Hunter, 70, a retired librarian from Dallas, to catalog the books and run the library, Kole said. Hunter, of Albanian ancestry, was to stay a year, but she has become so involved that she plans to devote the rest of her life to helping Albania establish libraries, Kole said. The Pogradec library takes up three rooms in a government donated building of 15 rooms. Eventually the building will be filled with books that now wait in boxes to be cataloged and shelved. Kole said Albania, with a population of 3.3 million, is struggling to catch up with modern society. "Communism and dictator Hoxha kept Albania isolated from the rest of the world for 50 years," he said. Hoxha died in 1985. Hoxha crazily spent the country's finances on 1 million cement bunkers to defend the country. They have since been converted to public toilets. Now, Albanians are rushing to learn English so they can talk with Americans and use the new libraries, which also are being set up in Korce and Vlora and other cities as books become available. Many of the books from Cleveland are on business, science and medicine. Kole said these are the most important for Albanians because they need to start businesses and provide better health care. Kole, meanwhile, could serve as a prime example of industriousness. His office sits atop the former Westinghouse Electric Corp. factory at 1200 W. 58th St. where he operates the Paramount Stamping & Welding Co. The business employs 300 and makes seats for General Motors Corp. and stampings for other industries. His office overlooks Edgewater Park, where he played as a child. He grew up only a few blocks from the plant, where his father, Klime, and an uncle once worked. Kole started working at 13, bagging groceries in a supermarket. He graduated from West Technical High School and went off to study accounting at Idaho State University. He worked for the former Republic Steel Co. and other companies before striking out on his own to start his companies 17 years ago. He said he believes Albanians will follow the same capitalistic principles as he has, with a little financial boost from the United States.

An Ohio industrialist and friend of the University, Peter Kole, has established the Peter C. Kole Endowed Scholarship Fund to benefit students of Albanian heritage with a gift of $88,000. As a supporter of the New England Albanian Relief Organization, Kole is a leader in humanitarian aid to his ancestral homeland. It was on a humanitarian trip to Albania in 1990 that Kole was introduced to respected alumnus Dr. Lambi Adams '33 and thus became acquainted with Clark and its tradition of offering Albanian Americans opportunities for higher education. Worcester is home to one of the largest Albanian American communities in the United States. Clark has educated first and second generation Albanian Americans for more than five decades, including Gerim Panarity '26 editor of the first Albanian American newspaper in the United States, and Steve Dune ‘53, Perry Pero '61 and R. Norman Peters '62, Clark trustees. Although not a Worcester resident, Kole regularly visits the Universitv to meet with Albanian students and to offer support. At a recent meeting Kole encouraged students to take advantage of all that higher education has to offer saying, "Education is the great equalizer, and without it, we can't survive." Kole is a man of action. When he saw that there were no libraries in Albania, he collected thousands of books and eventually opened the largest open-stack library in Europe in his hometown of Progadec. He also hired a retired American librarian to organize the library and train local residents to run it. Unfortunately, as a result of unrest in the country, the library was destroyed by fire. For his dedication to humanitarian causes, Kole has been named a distinguished alumnus by his alma mater, Idaho State University, where he has also established scholarships. He is president and owner of several manufacturing companies. Kole and his wife, Nancy, reside in Cleveland, Ohio, and enjoy traveling in addition to their philanthropic work.

POCATELLO- A plaque in the Hall of Fame at West Technical High School in Cleveland, Ohio, reads "Peter C. Kole, Class of January, 1955, Industrialist-CEO_ Humanitarian." For al those reason, Kole is the 1998 winner of the Idaho State University Distinguished Alumnus Award. The Distinguished Alumnus Award is ISU's highest award. It recognizes exemplary professional and/or personal contributions resulting in national or international visibly, including contributions to chosen career/profession, awards and special recognition received, and community and civic involvement. A 1963 graduate of Idaho State University with a BBA degree in business and finance, Kole is president and owner of one of the largest manufacturing firms in Cleveland, but that is only part of the reasons he is being honored. In large part through his efforts as chair of book collections for the New England Albanian Relief Organization (NEARO), his hometown of Pogradec (pronounced Pogradetz), Albania, has a library with more than 300,000 volumes. Pogradec has a population of only 30,000, but people from throughout Albania travel there to study and check out books in what has been described as the only American open-stack in Europe. NEARO is the only U. S. humanitarian group specializing in libraries and the only humanitarian organization to establish a library and learning center in a former communist country. The library was dedicated on June 17, l995. Kole was one of the speakers at the dedication. Kole also has had books shipped to Albania's elementary and high schools and universities, and he has collected hospital and dental equipment for Albania. Before 1985, owning books or magazines in a foreign language could be a capital crime under Albania's totalitarian government. The Cleveland, Ohio, Public Library tore down an annex to make space for a new building, and all of its books could not be stored. Kole got the 100,00 discards, plus 100,000 from the Cleveland's Cuyahoga County Public Library. In addition, 50,000 books were collected in Worcester, Mass., and 50,000 came from other sources. Rand McNally contributed 7,000 atlases. Kole was brought by his parents to the United States when he was a year old. He returned to Albania in 1990 and saw the poverty there. When he came back to the United States, he accumulated the books and stored them in one of his Cleveland warehouses until shipment. His company, Paramount Metal Products (PMP), employs 300 and has five divisions: Paramount Seating, Paramount Stamping and Welding, Anchor Special Machines, Anchor Paramount Seating, Paramount Stamping and Welding, Anchor Special Machines, Anchor Template/Dye, and Vanco Products. PMP won Cleveland's 1992 Community Improvement Award for its efforts " to enhance local neighborhoods through reinvestment, job creation, and other improvements to the community." Kole elected to attend ISU through a freak circumstance. Most of his high school friends attended large colleges in Ohio, but he looked through a number of college catalogues and thought ISU looked "interesting." "Peter C. Kole is an outstanding example of a businessman our students can emulate and admire for both is business success and community involvement," Bill Stratton, dean of ISU's College of Business, said. "In addition to his library project in his home country of Albania, Peter is talking to experts in Idaho about the potential for raising trout there as a means of helping his many relatives attain a better livelihood. The college of Business is very proud to claim Peter as one of our graduates. He is most worthy of being named Distinguished Alumnus." Although Kole's home is far from Pocatello, he continues to be a friend of ISU and sere it well. He has endowed three scholarships at ISU with gifts totaling $150,000. In 1994, Kole endowed the Frank Seelye-Peter C. Kole Scholarship with a gift of $50,000. The scholarship honors the memory o Frank Seelye, longtime ISU business professor and the dean of the College in Business from 1964 to 1968. It is awarded to a non-traditional student in the College of Business with preference given to children of single parents. The Klime and Athina Kole Memorial Scholarship was created to honor his parents with a gift of $ 50,000 and it is awarded with the same criteria as the Seelye-Kole Scholarship. The Peter Kole Scholarship, also created with a gift of $50,000, is awarded to a student in the College of Business. Glenn Afford is with ISU University Relations.

Cleveland industrialist and philanthropist Peter C. Kole is the winner of the 1998 Distinguished Alumnus Award, ISU's highest award, which recognizes exemplary professional and/or personal contributions resulting in national or international visibility. A 1963 graduate of ISU with a BBA degree in business and finance, Kole is president and owner of one of the largest manufacturing firms in Cleveland. In addition, in large part through his efforts as chair of book collection for the New England Albanian Relief Organization, his hometown of Pogradec, Albania, has a library with more than 300,000 volumes. Kole has also had books shipped to Albanian schools and collected hospital and dental equipment for Albania. Kole's company, Paramount Metal Products, employs 300 in its five divisions and won Cleveland's 1992 Community Improvement Award for its efforts "to enhance local neighborhoods through reinvestment, job creation, and other improvements to the community." Kole continues to be a friend of ISU. He has endowed three scholarships at ISU with gifts totaling $150,000. "Peter C. Kole is an outstanding example of a businessman our students can emulate and admire for both his business success and community involvement," said Dr. Bill Stratton, dean of business. "The College of Business is very proud to claim Peter as one of our graduates."

BORN IN THE DISTRICT OF POGRADEC, ALBANIA, FEBRUARY 10, 1937 AND ARRIVED WITH MY MOTHER, ATHINA, AUGUST 4, 1938, IN CLEVELAND, OHIO. MY EDUCATION WAS IN PUBLIC SCHOOLS, GRADUATED FROM WEST TECH. HIGH SCHOOL, WITH A MAJOR IN COLLEGE PREPARATORY. LATER ATTENDED AND GRADUATED FROM IDAHO STATE UNIVERSITY WITH MAJOR EMPHASIS IN ACCOUNTING AND FINANCE. WORKED IN VARIOUS ACCOUNTING POSITIONS AND LATER BECAME FINANCIAL CONTROLLER. IN 1978, PURCHASED A MANUFACTURING CO., FARCO, LOCATED IN ELYRIA, OHIO AND IN 1981 MOVED THE COMPANY TO CLEVELAND, OHIO AND STARTED ANOTHER COMPANY, PARAMOUNT METAL PRODUCTS THAT MANUFACTURED STEEL AUTOMOBILE SEAT FRAMES. SEVERAL YEARS LATER, I PURCHASED VANCO PRODUCTS, ANCHOR TEMPLATE DIE, AND ECONO- TOOL AND DIE. ALL THESE COMPANIES WERE LOCATED IN THREE SEPARATE BUILDINGS. TOTAL SQUARE FOOTAGE APPROXIMATELY 350,000 SQUARE FEET WITH EMPLOYMENT OF 300 PERSONNEL AT 1200 WEST 58TH STREET, CLEVELAND, OHIO. IN SEPTEMBER 1990, ALONG WITH OTHER ALBANIAN AMERICANS FROM THE NEW ENGLAND AREA RETURNED TO ALBANIA AND TOURED THE COUNTRY AND VISITED MANY CITIES AND THEN VISITED MY BIRTHPLACE, POGRADEC. I MET WITH ALL MY COUSINS AND HAD A HUGE FAMILY REUNION. STAYED IN ALBANIA A TOTAL OF 23 DAYS. LATER, RETURNED HOME TO CLEVELAND AND ALBANIA NEVER LEFT MY MIND. I IMMEDIATELY SENT MANY BOXES OF BASIC ITEMS SUCH AS FOOD AND CLOTHES. OTHER MEMBERS OF THE TOUR FORMED N.E.A.R.O., THE NEW ENGLAND ALBANIAN RELIEF ORGANIZATION. I IMMEDIATELY VOLUNTEERED AND BECAME A DIRECTOR WITH THE RESPONSIBILITY OF COLLECTING HUMANITARIAN AID FROM EVERYONE WEST OF JAMESTOWN, N.Y. TO THE PACIFIC OCEAN. THE MASSACHUSETTS WAREHOUSE WOULD FOCUS ON THE NEW ENGLAND STATES, NEW YORK CITY, NEW JERSEY AND THE PHILADELPHIA AREA. CLEVELAND WOULD BE RESPONSIBLE FOR EVERYONE ELSE. DURING THE LAST NINE YEARS, HUNDRED OF THOUSANDS OF BOOKS, HUNDREDS OF HOSPITAL BEDS, GURNEYS, MISC. DENTAL EQUIPMENT AND HOSPITAL SUPPLIES, SCHOOL TABLES, CHAIRS, DESKS, COMPUTERS, BLACKBOARDS, CHALK AND ONE (1) DODGE PICK -UP TRUCK WERE SHIPPED FROM THE CLEVELAND WAREHOUSE. WHEN THE AMBASSADOR ROLAND BIMO MOVED INTO HIS NEW OFFICE; DESKS, CHAIRS, FAX COPY MACHINES, AND TWO (2) COMPUTERS WERE DONATED TO THE NEW OFFICES OF THE ALBANIAN EMBASSY DURING AMBASSADOR ROLAND BIMO’S TENURE. IN ADDITION, BOXES OF OFFICE SUPPLIES WERE ALSO SHIPPED FROM CLEVELAND, OHIO TO WASHINGTON D.C. TO HELP THE NEW AMBASSADOR BEGIN HIS NEW DUTIES. TWO LIBRARIES WERE ESTABLISHED BY N.E.A.R.O., ONE IN POGRADEC, AND THE OTHER IN KORCE, ALBANIA. THOUSANDS OF BOOKS ARE STILL BEING SHIPPED TO THE NEWEST LIBRARY LOCATED IN KORCE, ALBANIA, AND THE PERSONNEL ARE PAID FROM THE CLEVELAND OFFICE. IN ADDITION, POTS, PANS AND OTHER MISC. COOKING UTENSILS WERE SHIPPED TO THE CHILDREN’S ORPHANAGES LOCATED THROUGHOUT ALBANIA. ALSO, MANY PACKAGES OF FOOD AND CLOTHES WERE SHIPPED TO VARIOUS NURSING HOMES. DURING THE FALL OF 1996, I WAS INDUCTED INTO MY HIGH SCHOOL’S HALL OF FAME. LATER IN OCTOBER 1998, I WAS AWARDED A MEDAL AS THE MOST DISTINGUISHED ALUMNUS FOR 1998 FROM MY UNIVERSITY, IDAHO STATE UNIVERSITY.

October 16, the University honored Peter C. Role, BBA '63, Business and Finance, as the 1998 winner of the Idaho State University Distinguished Alumnus Award. This is ISU's highest award, and it recognizes exemplary professional and/or personal contributions resulting in national or international visibility. Alumni, faculty, students, and other friends and supporters of ISU joined President and Mrs. Richard L. Bowen for a pleasant and memorable dinner evening to recognize Kole. This traditional Homecoming activity also honored the winners of the William J. Bartz and Idaho State University Achievement Awards. In response to President Bowen's award presentation, Role shared with the audience his appreciation and highlights of his personal and business background. His success serves as an outstanding example of the rewards of commitment and ethics the College tries to instill in its graduates. Nancy Kole, a retired teacher, accompanied her husband to the dinner and other Homecoming festivities. Many of those attending enjoyed having a chance to talk with her at the preceding reception as well as during dinner. Her warm and friendly demeanor complements Kole's sincere desire "to give something back" for all the good he has received. Role continues generous contributions to the College of Business through funding four scholarships. He endowed the Frank Seelye-Peter C. Kole Scholarship with a gift of $50,000. This scholarship honors former College of Business Dean Seelye and is awarded to a non-traditional student in the College with preference given to children of single parents. He created the Klime and Athina Kole Memorial Scholarship with another gift of $50,000; it is awarded under the same criteria as the Seelye-Kole Scholarship. Kole also created the Peter C. Kole Scholarship with a gift of $50,000; this scholarship is awarded to a student in the College. After Kole's Homecoming visit, he provided another $50,000 scholarship for College majors in the CIS program. This generosity and concern for others mirrors Kole's contribution to his community in general. His parents brought him from Albania to the U. S. when he was one year old. After returning to his native country for the first time in 1990, Kole spearheaded a successful drive to obtain and ship books to Albania's elementary and high schools and universities. As chair of book collections for the New England Albanian Relief Organization he helped establish an American open-stack library of more than 300,000 volumes in his hometown of Pogradec. Kole's business success has enabled him to be a benefactor to so may less fortunate than he is. His company, Paramount Metal Products comprises five divisions that employ 300 people in Cleveland, Ohio. In 1992, the company won Cleveland's Community Improvement Award for its efforts to "enhance local neighborhoods through reinvestment, job creation, and other improvements in the community. Cleveland native, Dean William A. Stratton, first had the opportunity to visit Kole at his business on the near west side of Cleveland in June 1997, while taking a break from a professional meeting. In describing his visit, Stratton says, “On display in the reception area of Kole’s Paramount Metal Products companies – he owns and manages several different enterprises – are a number of awards he has won for fostering economic development in one of the older, more economically depressed areas of Cleveland’s inner city. Kole runs a clean, efficient operation with few frills; but he treats his employees well. Four of the five original employees in the first business Kole stated are still with his company, and the fifth just recently retired. Stratton notes, “in addition to his library project in his home country of Albania, Peter is talking to experts in Idaho about the potential for raising trout there as a means of helping his many relatives attain a better livelihood. The College of Business is very proud to claim Peter as one of our graduates. He is most worthy of being named Distinguished Alumnus."

Albanian Independence Day – November 22, 2008
Cleveland, Ohio

85th Anniversary of U.S. Recognition of the Albanian State

On July 22, 2007 Albania celebrated its 85th anniversary of the recognition of the Albanian state by the United States

A.A.N.O. Convention on August 4-6, 2006 in Tirana, Albania

National Albanian American Council

Below is the program invitational program from the Dinner:

In September 2002, the council of the Commune Council in the village of Alarupi, region of Pogradec, Albania, passed two decisions (resolutions) honoring Mr. Kole for his efforts in rebuilding the school in his parents’ hometown. The first decision made Mr. Kole an honorary citizen of the village and the second decision named the school in honor of Mr. Kole’s parents who were citizens of the village. In addition, the pupils and teachers of the school sent a special thank-you letter and poem to Mr. Kole for his efforts. Copies of the certificate (and an English translation) are shown below. Also, English translations of the decisions and thank you letter from the school pupils and teachers are shown.

With a population of 3.3 million people, Albania is bordered on the north and east by the former Yugoslavia, on the south by Greece, and the Adriatic and Ionian Seas on the west. Albania, while one of the smallest countries in Europe (11,100 square miles or the size of Maryland), has throughout history played a key role due to its strategic location between Italy, Greece and the former Yugoslavia. Three quarters of the country consists of mountains and plateaus, part of the Alps, which run through the country from north to south. A coastal plain runs along the western edge of the country. This coastal region has a Mediterranean-like climate, allowing Albania to grow many crops, including olive trees, citrus groves and vineyards.

Albania is one of the less densely populated countries in Europe, about 300 people per square mile. Nearly two-thirds of the population reside in rural areas. Tirana, the capital, is the largest city withe nearly 300,000 inhabitants.

Historical Survey

Albania has been inhabited since ancient times. The prehistoric evidence discovered dates back to the period of the middle and late paleolithic, 100,000 - 10,000 years ago. There is also evidence of a number of settlements with a rich culture in the neolithic times, 6,000 - 2000 vears before Christ.

Albanians are immediate descendants of the Illyrians. Illyrians were formed as an indigenous ethnos on the basis of an even more ancient population, identified with the Pellasgos, who merged with the Indo-European population who, settled in the Balkan Peninsula at the end of the Neolithis and the beginning of the Bronze Age. Illyria stretched over the western part of the Balkan, in the north as far as the banks of the Sava and Danube, in the east to, the Morava and Vardar Rivers, which separated it from the Thrace, and in the south and southeast to, the Pindi Mountain Range, which separated it from the Greeks and Macedonians. The name Illyr first referred only to the southern regions, and later came to describe the territories in all of the western Balkan. Illyrians are mentioned by Herodotus in written resources dating from the 5th century before Christ. Detached Illyrian settlements are found on the furthermost coast of the Adriatic (tribes of Mesape, Japige), in Greece and as far as Asia Minor, Troja (the Dardans mentioned in IIomer's epics).

By the end of the 5"' century before Christ, Illvrians entered the road of slave-ownership order and civillan life. Two centuries before this, however, Greek settlements had been set up on the Albanian coast and their inhabitants had merged with the indigenous Illyrians. The largest settlements were Epidamn, Dyrrah, Apolliana, Buthrint, Schodra, Lissus.

In the 4'1' and 3~'' centuries before Christ, the Illyrian state was strengthened by such outstanding figures as Kings Bardhyl, Agron, Teuta, Gent, Monun and Mytyl. The Illyrian state fought against Roman invasion until 168 BC, when Rome conquered Illyria and spread its culture. With the division of the Roman Empire (AD 395) Illyria became part of the Byzantine Empire. Its borders were invaded by the Goths and Havars among other marauding tribes. In the course of the 4th - 7th centuries, the Slavs invaded parts of the north and east Illvria. In spite ~,f the losses they incurred, the compact population of the provinces of Epirus, Prevalitania and Dardania (present Kosovo) managed to cope with the Slav invasion. In the 6th and 7th centuries, as a result of the influence of the cultures of old Illyrians and other cultures, there occurred a new process: the creation of a population now recognized by the new ethnical name of Arber and of the culture of early Albanians. At various times during the Middle Ages, Albania was under the Byzantine as well as Bulgarian, Venetian, Norman, Anjuin and Serb rule.

In 1272 Charles the First of Anju invaded Durres and proclaimed the Kingdom of Arberia. The first Medieval Albanian state, called the State of Arber with Kruja as its capital, was established in the 13th century. In the 14''' century we observe the establishment of state Albanian principalities of Balshaj, Topiaj, Muzakaj, Arianitas, Zenebishta, Shpataj, etc. In the 15th century, the national hero of Albania, George Castriot Scanderbeg (1405-1468) managed to unite the forces of the country into a single state. For 25 years Scanderbeg fought with unprecedented courage against the Turkish conquest. Ten years following his death, Albania became part of the Ottoman Empire. In the 19th century, two large Pashallek districts were created in the framework of this Empire. The Pashallek of Bushatilinj in the north and the Pashallek of Ali Pashe Tepelena in the south.

The 19th century was the century of the National Revival of Albania. In 1878 the Albanian League of Prizren was established with self-governing state attributes and to face attacks by Serb invaders.

On November 28, 1912, Albania was proclaimed an independent state and the national flag was hoisted by Ismail Qemali in Vlora. From 1912 to date Albanian state has continuously been a member of the constellation of world countries. From 1928 to 1939 the Albanian state was a monarchy with Zog the First as its king.

On April 7, 1939, fascist Italy invaded Albania. The great anti-fascist national liberation war thus started. Albanian people ranked themselves at the side of the anti-fascist coalition along with the USA, Britain and the USSR.

On November 29, 1944, the partisan anti-fascist forces liberated Albania. The new communist regime established a single party rule and in the course of 50 years it undertook considerable developments in the field of agriculture, industry popular education, infringing, however, human rights and freedoms.

In 1991 the communist regime was toppled and a democratic pluralist regime was established. Now Albania is a parliamentary republic. It has signed the main documents to become member of European institutions such as the Helsinki and Paris Charters and that of Partnership for Peace with NATO.

In respect of the political historv of Albanians, it should be stressed that in 1913 the Great Powers of Europe divided the Albanian nation into two parts. From that year, called black by Albanians, Kosovo, half of the nation (3 million Albanians), has remained under Serb rule.

Climate

Albania falls under the humid subtropical belt of the Northern Hemisphere and is in the Mediterranean climactic zone with a relatively short, soft and very humid winter in the coastal lowlands and a long, hot and very dry summer. Most of the air streams running over Albania are average sea, western streams created over the Adriatic and Mediterranean Seas (warm and humid), continental air streams coming from Eastern Europe (cold and dry) and tropical air streams coming from North Africa and Asia Minor (warm and dry, hot humid when arriving in Albania because they are saturated with humidity over the Mediterranean). Determining factors in Albanian weather are the powerful baric centers of the Iceland Cyclone with its branch the Bay of Geneva Cyclone (during the cold half of the year )and the Azore Anti-cyclone (during the warm half of the year).

The mountainous relief of the country also has a great effect on the climate. Because of the mountains, especially in the direction of the main ranges, the influence of the seas is strongly felt in the narrow strip of the coastal lowlands, whereas the influence of the sea in the east is lessened. As a rule, the rainfall on the western slopes of the mountains is greater than on the eastern slopes. Climate in Albania changes considerably from one region to another with pronounced contrasts especially in temperature, rainfall and air humidity. The annual average rainfall in Albania is 1430 mm. Rainfall in the cold half of the year accounts for 70 % of the annual amount. As a rule, rainfall decreases from the west to the east

Sunlight ranges from 2750 hours (Tirana) to 2046 (Kukes) a year. Other cities enjoy 2722 hours (Vlore), 2520 hours (Shkoder), 2423 hours (Korce), 2246 hours (Pershkopi), 2731 hours a year (Xare - Saranda) a year.

In the antique period the Illyrians had a polytheistic mythology. At the very beginning their religions were aconic but in time they accepted an iconographic presentation. Illyrians created an original heathen mythological system. The main figures of Illyrian mythology were the God of War called Medaur and the God of the Sea called Redon, as well as a number of local gods. In contact with the Greek and Roman mythology, under the name of Greek and Roman gods, Illyrians adapted their own local gods. Later on, since the 1st century of our era, Christianity spread in Illyria. Early Christianity was preached by St. Paul himself. The cradle of this Christianity was the town of Durres. Up till late antiquity in the 6th century Christianity underwent great development with majestic basilicas decorated with brilliant artistic mosaics. Later on, with the division of the world-wide Roman Empire into that of the West and East, Albania remained under the frame of Eastern Christianity, but the influence of Western Christianity has been permanent.

In the 15th century, Ottoman occupation marks the beginning of the spread of Islamic religion. But Albanians also practiced secret Christianity, crypto-Christianity, under the Islamic guise. Now the largest part of the population in Albania is Muslim. Of importance in this religion is the sect of Bektashi. Albanians believe in the Orthodox and Catholic churches as well. In 1967 the communist regime banned religious practices and closed religious institutions. Religious freedom and institutions were re-established only following the collapse of the totalitarian regime. Albanian Christianity has produced the greatest figure of all times, Mother Theresa, known also as Theresa of Calcutta, a Nobel Prize winner, who was of Albanian origin. Tolerance and a culture of exemplary understanding have characterized this religious plurality in Albania.

ALBANIA BETWEEN THE MYTH AND THE FUTURE

Albania is a small country with a rich landscape. It is bound by two seas, the Adriatic and Ionian, and has numerous rivers and three large lakes. The peaks of the Alps intertwine with the coastal lowlands, plains full of forest in the North and resembling the Riviera in the South, the kaleidoscope of marvelous ethnographic areas and costumes and folklore.

Albanians owe their origin to the ancient Illyrians of the Continent, with significant vestiges still surviving to this day. The archaeological cities of Buthrintus (sung by Virgil in Eneida as a second Troy), Apollonia (where the Roman Emperor Augustus studied Philosophy) Bulisus and Durres (with its giant amphitheater and temples originally crossed by the Via Egnatia leading to Constantinople) are all examples of this heritage.

The Middle Ages were marked by the figure of George Castriot Scanderbeg, the so-called "Athlete of Christ", a strategist and humanist and founder of Albania national unity. The stories of his achievements and heroism, written by Martin Barleti have, since the XVI century, been translated into countless languages including Portuguese. The Albania of today is symbolized by another figure, that of Mother Teresa of Calcutta.

Albania history is marked by its struggle for independence against a totalitarian state. With its age-old links to the sea, the Albanian civilization is full of maritime metaphors, symbols and legends. One of these symbols is the century-old Iembe, a ship invented by the ancient Illyrians.

Once George Gordon Byron in his masterpiece Childe Harold, second song, wrote the wonderful and emblematic verses about Albanians. In reality Albania was well known even earlier due to, the great internationalized name of its hero George Castriot Scanderbeg. This country has always deserved the attention of the world today more than ever the attention of mankind has turned to Albanians. Albania is experiencing a purgatory with its development and problems. Albania is already open and free. Albanian people are struggling for their final revival. Between Albanian people and mankind there is no longer an iron curtain - no division walls. Albanians constitute a vital population with a high level of natural intelligence. But they have no end of shortages and negative heritage from the past. Linkage with the world is an indication of the continuous emancipation of Albanians. Albanians are determined not to depart from the development and not to shut themselves in their shells. Albanians are an expression of mankind to that amount mankind is an expression of humanism and equality of peoples.

Albanians constitute an ancient and new population with a particular and rare language, the only of its kind among the Indo-European languages, but which constitutes a first-class cultural asset. Albanians are a population of space and motion. The seas constitute their space. Just like climate and life itself, the seas also influence their culture. Albanians are heading to the third millennium together with the phantasmagoric flashes of legends and myths from earliest times. They are advancing and removing themselves from the mistakes, set-backs and backwardness. They are striding forward never to turn back.

History

The territory of present day Albania has been inhabited since the middle Palaeolitic period (100,000 to 40,000 B.C.), but the first significant civilization dates from the Neilitic period (6,000 to 2,000 B.C.). The original people, the Illyrians, are the ancestors of the present day Albanians. Illyrians were skilled in the working of metals, and also engaged in trade and some piracy. These activities soon brought them into contact with the Greeks, who established colonies around 600 B.C. The Illyrian Kingdom came under attack from the Romans in the late 3rd century B.C., with Philip of Macedonia providing military assistance in 214 B.C. Aseries of wars culminated in Roman conquest and control in 167 B.C.

Despite Roman rule, the Illyrians retained their own language, customs and traditions. During this Roman period, which lasted until the 4th century A.D., Illyria enjoyed peace and prosperity, with the city Durres becoming a major Roman trading center. From the 5th until the 12th century, control of the region went back and forth between Byzantium (Constantinople) and the Bulgarians. Independent feudal states were established between the 12th and 14th century. After the Turkish victory over the Serbs in 1389, Albania came under Ottoman control.

From 1443 to 1468, one of Albania's brightest moments in history was their brief freedom from the Turks, led by their national hero, Gjargj Kastrioti (given the name Skanderbeg). From his fortress in Kruje, Skanderbeg led his fellow Albanians in some twenty five battles against the Turks. This brief period of freedom ended eleven years after Skanderbeg's death, with the Turks regaining control in 1479. For the next 433 years the Ottoman Empire controlled the country.

The decline of the Ottoman Empire, assisted by various insurrections, led to Albania's declaration of independence in 1912, with Ismail Qemali heading the first government. The Great Powers recognized Albania as an independent nation in 1913 after they had partitioned Albania, giving more than one-half of the country to Serbia and Greece.

In 1924, following the overthrow of Fan Noli, Albania was ruled by the despotic King Zog, whose own rule ended abruptly in 1939 following the invasion of the country by Mussolini. The Albanian Communist Party was founded in 1941, led by Enver Hoxha. Resistance against the Italians and later the Germans led to the liberation of the country from foreign troops in 1944. Albania was the only Eastern European country without the presence of the Soviet Army.

The People's Republic of Albania with Enver Hoxha as president was established in 1946. Following a break in relations with Yugoslavia in 1948, the removal of Sviet influence in 1960, and a deterioration in relations with China in 1978, Albania chose to follow a unique form of Marxism-Leninism. Albania chose to be isolated from most countries, becoming self-reliant in all matters. Albania's brand of communism was patterned after the form developed by Joseph Stalin. For forty years, Hoxha ruthlessly crushed all dissent and opposition, outlawed all religion, and prepared his country for a possible invasion from the outside world. The U.S., along with the Soviet Union, were the ultimate enemies.

With the death of Hoxha in 1985, the enormous weight of isolationand the atmosphere of fear began to be lifted. Following the breakdown of communism throughout Eastern Europe in 1990, Albania cautiously began to move towards true democracy. This quest culminated in the landslide victory of the democrats in 1992.

Tirana the capital since 1924, is the largest city with a population of about 300,000 people. The city presents a striking contrast between the modern and the Turkish style buildings with their old world charm. It is the political, social and economic hub of the country. Situated on Skanderbeg Square are the Place of Culture, the National Historical Museum, the old Mosque of E'them Bay, the old clock tower, and the Opera and Ballet theaters.

Durres is the main port of Albania and its second largest city with a population of about 75,000 people. Durres has enjoyed a long and eventful history, going back to the 7th century B.C. A major highlight of Durres is its Roman amphitheater, the largest in the Balkans, built in the 2nd century A.D. which could seat 15,000 people. The long beaches of fine sand lie to the south where some of Albania's finest resort hotels can be found.

Saranda is a small resort city on the Albania Riviera. It's charming bay is sheltered by the Greek Island of Corlu. Saranda is called the honeymoon capital of Albania.

Butrint lies about ten miles south of Saranda, one of the most important archeological sites in Albania. The Roman poet Virgil attributed its founding to the Trojans who sought a new homestead after the destruction of Troy. In the 6th century B.C., settlers from Cortu colonized Butrint. Later it passed into Roman hands. There is a small wall preserved Greek amphitheater, early Christian churches, and a reconstructed Venetian fortress.

Gjirokaster was founded by an ancient Illyrian tribe. It does not appear in records until the late 14th century. In 1417 the city was taken by the Turks. The town itself covers the hills with gleaming white stone houses and streets. The most imposing feature of the city is the massive fortress that sits on top of the citadel. This fortress was rebuilt by Ail Pasha and was also used as a prison by King Zog and the Germans during World War II

Korce dates from the 15th century, a city known for its buildings with red clay roofs. It is the home of the Museum of Medieval Albanian Art. Korce was a center for political thought where the first Albanian Schools were opened in 1887.

Berat is one of the oldest towns on Albania, in 1992 it celebrated the 2,400 year anniversary of its founding. In Berat there is a specific style of architecture and very narrow streets. People still live in the old castle above the town which has beautiful churches dating from the 14th century.

Kruje is situated in the mountains and was the headquarters for Albanian national hero, Skanderbeg, in his war against the Turks. The citadel and museum depict the Albanian struggle.

Elbasan has served as Albania's center for steel and cement production. The city walls, erected by the Turks in 1467, are used as residence for many of the inhabitants.

Lezha was the city where Skanderbeg formed the Albanian League in 1444 in his fight against the Turks. Skanderbeg's tomb and a museum are the key attractions in the city.

Pogradec is a resort town located in the eastern part of the country at the south end of Ohrid Lake, overlooking Serbia.

Shkoder, the traditional capital of Albania, was an ancient Illyrian outpost founded in the 6th century B.C. The stone Rozala Fortress, which now contains a restored stone palace and museum, and multi-domed Leaden Mosque are the important features of the town.